Criminal Evidence Essays -- essays research papers

Evidence is the key element in determining the guilt or innocence of those accused of crimes against society in a criminal court of law. Evidence can come in the form of weapons, documents, pictures, tape recordings and DNA. According to the American Heritage College dictionary, evidence is the documentary or oral statements and the material objects admissible as testimony in a court of law (476). It is shown in court as an item of proof, to impeach or rehabilitate a witness, and to determine a sentence. This paper will examine two murder cases, O.J. Simpson and Daniel Taylor. Perhaps the most famous case in the 20th century was the O. J. Simpson double murder trial. On June 12, 1994, two people were brutally killed. Those two people were Nicole Brown Simpson, O.J. Simpson's ex-wife, and Ronald Goldman. O.J. was arrested the next day and charged with their murder. O.J. pleaded innocent to murder and went to trial in criminal court. There was a load of evidences at the residence of Nicole’s to charge him with two counts of first degree murder and it seemed almost impossible for O.J. to be found innocent. There were loads of evidences found at the scene and O.J.’s home. The bodies of both Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman, blood of the victims, shoe prints and other evidences. But, one of the main evidence was the questionable bloody glove found behind the guesthouse, which was proven by DNA testing to have O.J.'s, Nicole's and Ron's blood and hair on it. Fibers were also found on the glove that came from O.J.'s shirt and his Bronco (CNN). In addition, a bloody footprint which matched O.J.'s shoes, blood on O.J.'s Bronco door, on the console, on the interior side of the door, a bloody footprint in the Bronco, bloody socks in O.J.'s house, O.J.'s injured finger, blood found at Nicole's condo that matched O.J.'s, and so on (CNN). But, the defense claimed that the evidence had been planted. Eyewitnesses are also an important piece of evidence. Allen Wattenberg, a knife storeowner, testified during the preliminary hearing that O.J. bought a 14-inch Stiletto knife from his store. O.J.'s limo driver arrived to drive O.J. to the airport and saw a black man, with the same build as O.J. sprinting across the lawn towards O.J.'s house. When O.J. answered the door, he said he'd been napping (CNN). Simpson's houseguest stated that he saw Simpson pulled up in the white bro... ...ture on the bond slip appeared to be Taylor’s signature. Unlike O.J. there was no DNA linking him to the crime scene or the bodies. Again, all the evidences pointed favorably toward Daniel Taylor and despite the evidences presented, the jury found Taylor guilty of murder. In closing arguments, Needhand and Bishcoff sought to discredit the officers who had testified for Taylor, accusing them of covering up sloppy record keeping for fear they would be blamed for letting Taylor leave jail early to commit murders (Chicago tribune). In addition, the prosecutor used Daniel’s confession on tape to convict him. â€Å"Paperwork is not foolproof,† Bishcoff, the prosecutor, said. But I’ll tell you what is foolproof. And what is foolproof are the defendant’s own words† (Chicago tribune). REFERENCE â€Å"DNA Fingerprinting† (1997) Encarta Encylopaedia 1997 â€Å"Blood truths, Why the Police Want to Tag Your Body† Helen O’Neill, The Australian 6.12.1997 â€Å"Flaws in New DNA Database† Simon Kearny, The Sydney Telegraph 22.04.2001 â€Å"Jail For Rapist Caught by DNA† Noula Tsavdaridis, The Advertiser 21.10.2000 The American Heritage College Dictionary, 3rd edition, 1997, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA, 476. Criminal Evidence Essays -- essays research papers Evidence is the key element in determining the guilt or innocence of those accused of crimes against society in a criminal court of law. Evidence can come in the form of weapons, documents, pictures, tape recordings and DNA. According to the American Heritage College dictionary, evidence is the documentary or oral statements and the material objects admissible as testimony in a court of law (476). It is shown in court as an item of proof, to impeach or rehabilitate a witness, and to determine a sentence. This paper will examine two murder cases, O.J. Simpson and Daniel Taylor. Perhaps the most famous case in the 20th century was the O. J. Simpson double murder trial. On June 12, 1994, two people were brutally killed. Those two people were Nicole Brown Simpson, O.J. Simpson's ex-wife, and Ronald Goldman. O.J. was arrested the next day and charged with their murder. O.J. pleaded innocent to murder and went to trial in criminal court. There was a load of evidences at the residence of Nicole’s to charge him with two counts of first degree murder and it seemed almost impossible for O.J. to be found innocent. There were loads of evidences found at the scene and O.J.’s home. The bodies of both Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman, blood of the victims, shoe prints and other evidences. But, one of the main evidence was the questionable bloody glove found behind the guesthouse, which was proven by DNA testing to have O.J.'s, Nicole's and Ron's blood and hair on it. Fibers were also found on the glove that came from O.J.'s shirt and his Bronco (CNN). In addition, a bloody footprint which matched O.J.'s shoes, blood on O.J.'s Bronco door, on the console, on the interior side of the door, a bloody footprint in the Bronco, bloody socks in O.J.'s house, O.J.'s injured finger, blood found at Nicole's condo that matched O.J.'s, and so on (CNN). But, the defense claimed that the evidence had been planted. Eyewitnesses are also an important piece of evidence. Allen Wattenberg, a knife storeowner, testified during the preliminary hearing that O.J. bought a 14-inch Stiletto knife from his store. O.J.'s limo driver arrived to drive O.J. to the airport and saw a black man, with the same build as O.J. sprinting across the lawn towards O.J.'s house. When O.J. answered the door, he said he'd been napping (CNN). Simpson's houseguest stated that he saw Simpson pulled up in the white bro... ...ture on the bond slip appeared to be Taylor’s signature. Unlike O.J. there was no DNA linking him to the crime scene or the bodies. Again, all the evidences pointed favorably toward Daniel Taylor and despite the evidences presented, the jury found Taylor guilty of murder. In closing arguments, Needhand and Bishcoff sought to discredit the officers who had testified for Taylor, accusing them of covering up sloppy record keeping for fear they would be blamed for letting Taylor leave jail early to commit murders (Chicago tribune). In addition, the prosecutor used Daniel’s confession on tape to convict him. â€Å"Paperwork is not foolproof,† Bishcoff, the prosecutor, said. But I’ll tell you what is foolproof. And what is foolproof are the defendant’s own words† (Chicago tribune). REFERENCE â€Å"DNA Fingerprinting† (1997) Encarta Encylopaedia 1997 â€Å"Blood truths, Why the Police Want to Tag Your Body† Helen O’Neill, The Australian 6.12.1997 â€Å"Flaws in New DNA Database† Simon Kearny, The Sydney Telegraph 22.04.2001 â€Å"Jail For Rapist Caught by DNA† Noula Tsavdaridis, The Advertiser 21.10.2000 The American Heritage College Dictionary, 3rd edition, 1997, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA, 476.

Automobile Industry Essay

* Detailed analysis of Automobile industry which is gearing towards international standards. * Analysis of the impact of qualitative factors on industry’s and company’s prospects. * Comparison of the Global automobile scene with its Indian counterpart. * Study of the challenges facing the Indian Automobile Industry * Analysis of the implementable strategies to counter the effects of the discussed challenges. PREFACE The Automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. The Indian Automobile Industry embarked on a new journey since 1991 with delicensing of the sector and subsequent opening up for 100 per cent FDI through automatic route. Almost all the global majors have set up their facilities in India taking the next level of production of vehicles from 2 million in 1991 to 110+ million in 2011. The Auto Sector in India is set to continue in its growth trajectory for the next five years and India is an increasingly favourite destination for Global Majors looking at emerging market. This in turn, has fuelled a boom in the domestic auto market, with close to 10mn vehicles sold in India in 2009-10 The automotive industry is increasingly becoming the cynosure of the manufacturing sector across the globe. Due to its intense forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, the automotive industry has a strong multiplier effect and acts as one ofthe key drivers of growth across the globe. The attention and importance to the automotive industry in the economic development and planning policies of Government and its agencies has also witnessed significant up rise. The industry has been evolving over the years, meeting up with challenges as diverse as transitions, consolidations and restructuring, and thereby adapting to the new market conditions. As of 2011, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3. 7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2011 (an increase of 33. 9%), making the country the second fastest growing automobile market in the world. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase to 5 million by 2015 and more than 9 million by 2020. By 2050, the country is expected to top the world in car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nation’s roads. OVERVIEW The Indian Automobile Industry manufactures over 11 million vehicles and exports about 1. 5 million each year. The dominant products of the industry are two-wheelers with a market share of over 75% and passenger cars with a market share of about 16%. Commercial vehicles and three-wheelers share about 9% of the market between them. About 91% of the vehicles sold are used by households and only about 9% for commercial purposes. The industry has a turnover of more than USD $35 billion and provides direct and indirect employment to over 13 million people. The supply chain is similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. Interestingly, the level of trade exports in this sector in India has been medium and imports have been low. However, this is rapidly changing and both exports and imports are increasing. The demand determinants of the industry are factors like affordability, product innovation, infrastructure and price of fuel. Also, the basis of competition in the sector is high and increasing, and its life cycle stage is growth. With a rapidly growing middle class, all the advantages of this sector in India are yet to be leveraged. With a high cost of developing production facilities, limited accessibility to new technology, and increasing competition, the barriers to enter the Indian Automotive sector are high. On the other hand, India has a well-developed tax structure. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Government. The cost structure of the industry is fairly traditional, but the profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years. Major players, like Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki have material cost of about 80% but are recording profits after tax of about 6% to 11%. The level of technology change in the Motor vehicle Industry has been high but, the rate of change in technology has been medium. Investment in the technology by the producers has been high. System-suppliers of integrated components and sub-systems have become the order of the day. However, further investment in new technologies will help the industry be more competitive. Over the past few years, the industry has been volatile. Currently, India’s increasing per capita disposable income which is expected to rise by 106% by 2015 and growth in exports is playing a major role in the rise and competitiveness of the industry. Tata Motors is leading the commercial vehicle segment with a market share of about 64%. Maruti Suzuki is leading the passenger vehicle segment with a market share of 46%. Hyundai Motor India Limited and Mahindra and Mahindra are focusing expanding their footprint in the overseas market. Hero MotoCorp is occupying over 41% and sharing 26% of the two-wheeler market in India with Bajaj Auto. Bajaj Auto in itself is occupying about 58% of the three-wheeler market. Consumers are very important of the survival of the Motor Vehicle manufacturing industry. In 2008-09, customer sentiment dropped, which burned on the augmentation in demand of cars. Steel is the major input used by manufacturers and the rise in price of steel is putting a cost pressure on manufacturers and cost is getting transferred to the end consumer. The price of oil and petrol affect the driving habits of consumers and the type of car they buy. The key to success in the industry is to improve labor productivity, labor flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilizing manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favorable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labor and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. The Indian market offers endless possibilities for investors. HISTORY The first car which ran on Indian roads was in 1897. Until the 1930s, cars were imported directly, but in very small numbers. Embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers as a trading company in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles under license from Willys. The company soon branched out into the manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and agricultural tractors. Following the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. However, the growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalization and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian market ultimately leading to the establishment of Maruti Udyog. A number of foreign firms initiated joint ventures with Indian companies. In the 1980s, a number of Japanese manufacturers launched joint-ventures for building motorcycles and light commercial-vehicles. It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalization in 1991 and the gradual weakening of the license raj, a number of Indian and multi-national car companies launched operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has accelerated to meet domestic and export demands. Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demonstrated sustained growth as a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions. Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, expanded their domestic and international operations. India’s robust economic growth led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which has attracted significant India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. In February 2009, a monthly sale of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units and has since grown rapidly to a record monthly high of 182,992 units in October 2009. From 2003 to 2010, car sales in India have progressed at a CAGR of 13. 7%, and with only 10% of Indian households owning a car in 2009 (whereas this figure reaches 80% in Switzerland for example) this progression is unlikely to stop in the coming decade. Congestion of Indian roads, more than market demand, will likely be the limiting factor. SIAM is the apex industry body representing all the vehicle manufacturers, home-grown and international, in India. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW This class consists of units mainly engaged in manufacturing motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines. Products and Services The primary activities of this industry are: * Motor cars manufacturing. * Motor vehicle engine manufacturing The major products and services in this industry are: * Passenger motor vehicle manufacturing segment (Passenger Cars, Utility Vehicles &Multi Purpose Vehicles) * Commercial Vehicles (Medium & Heavy and Light Commercial Vehicles) * Two-Wheelers * Three-Wheelers Key Auto Segments – Growth Expected to moderate over the next 12 months Financial Year 2012 was a landmark year – both in a positive and negative manner. It paved way for many breakthrough launches – saw the launch of segment defining Fluidic Verna, excellent value for money XUV 500, Hyundai’s entry level offering Eon and many more. It also displayed its sudden love for MPV/MUVs in the Auto Expo – Maruti’s Ertiga, Chevrolet’s Enjoy and Nissan’s Evalia were the most sought after showcase at the expo. We were now exposed to the hard truth as well – that how labour intensive the auto industry is. A labor strike can strike at Maruti shook the entire Auto Industry. The aftermath took its toll on the overall numbers. This was further catalyzed by inflation, consistent fuel hikes and rising auto interest rates. The world’s fastest growing automobile market was now under analysts scanner for its sheer volatility. Demand for cars fell for the first time in three years last July and slumped by the most in over a decade in October. SIAM which had projected a growth of over 20% had to instantly lower its projections. The Industry’s lackluster performance reflected in the overall performance of the country. In a recent report, S&P cut its outlook on India’s BBB- rating to negative from stable. This is surely not a good news for the Indian Industry in overall. The low-end hatchbacks were the ones to take the beating in FY12. For perhaps the first time in many years, small cars reported a decline in growth in 2011-12 (FY12), largely on account of Maruti Alto’s decline. Now, SIAM has forecast 10-12 percent growth in overall passenger cars for this fiscal, but this number may be lower if small car growth is again hindered. SIAM data showed that the mini car segment – which comprises Maruti 800, Alto, A-Star, and WagonR, the Chevy Spark and Hyundai’s Santro and Eon – declined by about 7 percent to 6,42,009 units (6,90,812 units) last fiscal. Sales of the Alto, the single largest selling car in India, had fallen by about 11 percent between April and February 2012. Also, for the first-time ever, bigger diesel cars – the SUVs – are selling more and there is no slowdown in ‘dieselization’. India’s largest automaker, Maruti Suzuki, expects car sales to increase by 10 per cent in the fiscal year beginning in April led by diesel models. Diesel car sales are expected to rise by 150,000 in 2012-13 while sale of petrol cars fall by 50,000, said the company. OVERALL HIGHLIGHTS: * Car sales in India rose just 2. 2 percent in FY2012 * Sales of motorcycles rose 12 percent in the previous fiscal year to 10. 1 million vehicles (10,096,062 units). * Scooter sales shot up 24. 5 per cent, to 2,562,841 units. * Total two-wheeler sales were 13,435,769 units in 2011-12 against 11,768,910 units in 2010- 11, up 14. 2 per cent. * Commercial vehicles, Siam said total sales in FY12 were 809,532 units, up 18. 2 per cent. * Three-wheeler segment that saw a decline of 2. 4 per cent at 513,251 vehicles in FY12. PROJECTIONS FOR FY2013: * # SIAM has projected passenger car sales growth at 10-12 per cent in 2012-13. * # Sales of trucks and buses, a key indicator of economic activity, rose 18. 2 percent in 2011/12 and are seen growing 9 to 11 per cent in this fiscal year. * # SIAM has pegged the motorcycle segment to grow 10-12 per cent in FY13 and scooters by 15-17 percent. Two wheeler segment is expected to have a growth of around 14-15%. * # Commercial Vehicles is projected to grow by nine to 11 per cent in FY13. * # SIAM has also projected five to seven per cent growth for Three Wheelers. Domestic car sales – expecting growth to moderate next year SUPPLY CHAIN OF AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: The supply chain of automotive industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain.ie. From the consumers and goes through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However, the products, as channeled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Automakers in India are the key to the supply chain and are responsible for the products and innovation in the industry. The description and the role of each of the contributors to the supply chain are discussed below. * Third Tier Suppliers: These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, steel, plastic and aluminum to the second tier suppliers. * Second Tier Suppliers: These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs. They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for detailed designs. Some of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. * First Tier Suppliers: These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They design and innovate to provide â€Å"black-box† solutions for the requirements of their customers. Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own technology to meet the performance and interface requirements set by assemblers. First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into complete units like dashboard, brakes-axle-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the management of second-tier suppliers. * Automakers/Vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs): After researching consumers’ wants and needs, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers’ demands. The design process normally takes five years. These companies have manufacturing units where engines are manufactured and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled. Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry. Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. Innovation, design capability and branding are the main focus of these companies. * Dealers: Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorized dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers. * Parts and Accessory: These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers. * Service Providers: Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. Many dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. EXPORTS: India’s automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4. 5 billion in 2009, with United Kingdom being India’s largest export market followed by Italy, Germany, Netherlands and South Africa. India’s automobile exports are expected to cross $12 billion by 2014. According to New York Times, India’s strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai Motors, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen and Suzuki. In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. Hyundai, the biggest exporter from the country, now ships more than 250,000 cars annually from India. Apart from shipments to its parent Suzuki, Maruti Suzuki also manufactures small cars for Nissan, which sells them in Europe. Nissan will also export small cars from its new Indian assembly line. Tata Motors exports its passenger vehicles to Asian and African markets, and is in preparation to launch electric vehicles in Europe. The firm is also planning to launch an electric version of its low-cost car Nano in Europe and the U. S. Mahindra & Mahindra is preparing to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U. S. market. Bajaj Auto is designing a low-cost car for the Renault Nissan Automotive India, which will market the product worldwide. Renault Nissan may also join domestic commercial vehicle manufacturer Ashok Leyland in another small car project. While the possibilities are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth of the Indian automobile industry. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens. Passenger car exports from India increased 34. 16% in May, riding on the back of robust overseas sales by Hyundai Motor, Nissan Motor and Toyota Kirloskar in non-European countries. According to figures released by Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), India exported 45,036 cars in the last month compared to 33,570 units in the year-ago period. â€Å"Europe still continues to be a worry, but the growth that we have seen is mainly on account of new markets that the companies have developed,† SIAM Director General Vishnu Mathur said. In May, the country’s largest exported Hyundai Motor India Ltd (HMIL) witnessed a growth of 42. 16% at 23,659 units against 16,643 units in the same month last year. â€Å"On account of slackness in the domestic market in May, we took the opportunity to ramp up the back orders for the export market. We had higher sales of the Eon in Algeria, the i20 in South Africa and the i10 in South America, particularly in Mexico and Columbia,† a spokesperson of HMIL said. However, rival and domestic market leader Maruti Suzuki India’s overseas passenger car sales fell by 9. 42% to 9,363 units from 10,337 units in May 2011, SIAM said. Car maker Nissan Motor India saw its exports from the country going up by over two-fold to 8,157 units last month from 3,937 units in the corresponding month last year. Toyota Kirloskar Motor, which started exports from April this year, sold 1,693 units in May in South Africa, SIAM said. Ford India’s sales in overseas locations, however, dipped 15. 81% to 1,693 units from 2,011 units in May 2011. Homegrown auto major Tata Motors’ exports rose by 32. 38% to 372 units from 281 units in the year-ago period. Exports of all categories of vehicles from India during May 2012 increased by 4. 62% to 2,46,314 units from 2,35,429 units in the same month last year, SIAM said . The two-wheeler segment witnessed exports of 1,74,362 units in last month compared to 1,61,346 units in the year-ago month, up 8. 07%, it added. The motorcycle segment’s overseas sales went up by 5. 16% to 1,63,446 units from 1,55,419 units in May 2011. SIAM said exports of scooters from India increased by 87. 18% last month to 10,660 units from 5,695 units in the same month last year. However, exports of commercial vehicles decreased by 8. 72% to 7,861 units in May 2012 from 8,612 units in the corresponding month last year, it added. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS * MARKET SIZE: The Indian Automotive Industry after de-licensing in July 1991 has grown at a spectacular rate on an average of 17% for last few years. The industry has attained a turnover of USD $35. 8 billion, (INR 165,000 crores) and an investment of USD 10. 9 billion. The industry has provided direct and indirect employment to 13. 1 million people. Automobile industry is currently contributing about 5% of the total GDP of India. India’s current GDP is about $1. 4 trillion and is expected to grow to $3. 75 trillion by 2020. The projected size in 2016 of the Indian automotive industry varies between $122 billion and $159 billion including USD 35 billion in exports. This translates into a contribution of 10% to 11% towards India’s GDP by 2016, which is more than double the current contribution. * DEMAND DETERMINANTS: Interest rate (%) – cuts unlikely to spur demand Determinants of demand for this industry include vehicle prices (which are determined largely by wage, material and equipment costs) and exchange rates, preferences, the running cost of a vehicle (mainly determined by the price of petrol), income, interest rates, scrapping rates, and product innovation. Exchange Rate: Movement in the value of Rupee determines the attractiveness of Indian products overseas and the price of import for domestic consumption. Affordability: Movement in income determine the affordability of new motor vehicles. Allowing unrestricted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) led to increase in competition in the domestic market hence, making better vehicles available at affordable prices. Innovation: Product Innovation is an important determinant as it allows better models to be available each year and also encourages manufacturing of environmental friendly cars. Demographics: It is evident that high population of India has been one of the major reasons for large size of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be augment demand include rising population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and replace cars. Also, increase in people with lesser dependency on traditional single family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Infrastructure: Longer-term determinants of demand include development in Indian’s infrastructure. India’s banking giant State Bank of India and Australia’s Macquarie Group has launched an infrastructure fund to rise up to USD 3 billion for infrastructure improvements. India needs about $500 billion to repair its infrastructure such as ports, roads, and power units. These investments have been made with an aim to generate long-term cash flow from automobile, power, and telecom industries. (Source: Silicon India) Price of Petrol: Movement in oil prices also have an impact on demand for large cars in India. During periods of high fuel cost as experienced from 2007, demand for large cars declined in favors of smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles. The changing patterns in customer preferences for smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles led to the launch of Tata Motor’s Nano – one of the world’s smallest and cheapest cars. Surprisingly, when overall passenger car sales have run into problems, the sales of luxury cars and SUVs, which are significantly more expensive in India than abroad due to high import taxes, have experienced encouraging growth. The Indian unit of BMW had to raise capacity at its factory four times during 2011, while sales of the high-end Jaguar Land Rover model owned by Tata Motors rose impressively during a period when more affordable passenger car sales were experiencing a downturn. * INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ANALYSIS: The Indian automotive industry embarked a new journey in 1991 with de-licensing of the sector and subsequent opening up for 100% foreign direct investment (FDI). Since then almost all global majors have set up their facilities in Indian taking the level of production from 2 million in 1991 to over 10 million in recent years. The exports in automotive sector have grown on an average compound annual growth rate of 30% per year for the last seven years. The export earnings from this sector are over USD 6 billion. Even with this rapid growth, the Indian automotive industry’s contribution in global terms is very low. This is evident from the fact that even though passenger and commercial vehicles have crossed the production figures of 2. 3 million in the year 2008, yet India’s share is about 3. 28% of world production of 70. 53 million passenger and commercial vehicles. India’s automotive exports constitute only about 0. 3% of global automotive trade. * LIFE CYCLE: The life cycle stage is growth. The market for manufacturing motor vehicles is consistently increasing. The products manufactured by this industry are profitable. Companies have been consistently opening new plats and employing over the past five years. Japanese and European manufacturers of motor vehicles have entered the market. Industry value added has been rising, along with the rise in GDP. Life Cycle Analysis General improvement in availability of trained manpower and good infrastructure is required for sustainable growth of the industry. Keeping this in view, the Indian Government has launched a unique initiative of National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) to provide specialised facilities for Testing, Certification and Homologation to the industry. A similar initiative is required for creating specialised institutions in automotive sector for education, training and development. The auto industry has grown in the clusters of interconnected companies which are linked by commonalities and complementarities. The major clusters are in and around Manesar in North, Pune in West, Chennai in South, Jamshedpur-Kolkata in East and Indore in Central India. The Government is planning to create a National Level Specialises Education and Training Institute for Automotive Sector and to enhance the transportation, communication and export infrastructure facilities. The contribution of automotive sector in the GDP of India is expected to double by 2016 through major spotlight on export of small cars, Multi-Utility Vehicles, Two- and Three-wheelers. * INDUSTRY ASSISTANCE: The automobile industry has a defined its target in the Automotive Mission Plan as â€Å"To emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacture of automobiles with output reaching a level of USD 145 billion accounting more than 10% of GDP and providing additional employment to 25 million people by 2016†. In order to achieve this plan interventions are required from both Industry and Indian Government. The Indian Government would play a key enabling role in facilitating infrastructure creation, promote the country’s capabilities, create a favorable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research & development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality standards, establishing cost competitiveness, improving productivity of both labor and capital, achieving scale and R&D enhancing capability and showcasing India’s products in potential markets. In order to achieve these goals the following key recommendations have been made in the Automotive Mission Plan to the Indian Government and Industry: Manufacturing and export of small cars, multi-utility vehicles, two- and three-wheelers, tractors, components to be promoted. Care to be taken of negative like and rules of the country with current negotiation of Free Trade Agreement and Regional Trade agreement with countries like Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Korea, Egypt, Gulf etc. Attractive Tariff Policy which may follow attractive investment. Specific measures will be taken for expansion of domestic market. Incremental investment of USD 35 to 40 billion to Automotive Industry during the next 10 years. National Road Safety Board to act as the coordinating body for promoting safety. Inspection and Certification system to be strengthened by encouraging public-private partnership. National level Automotive Institute for training on automobile at International Training Institutes (ITIs) and Automotive Training Institute (ATIs) to be set up. An Auto Design Centre to be established at National Institute of Design, Ahmadabad. National Automotive Testing and R&D Implementation Project (NATRIP) to act as Centre of Excellence for Technical Design Data. Integration of Information Technology in manufacturing to be promoted. R&D for product, process and technology to be incentivized. Road Map for Auto Fuel Policy beyond 2010 would be drawn. The profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years, mainly due to rising demand and growth of Indian middle class. Major players of the industry, like Maruti Suzuki India and Tata Motors have been recording profits of 6% to 11% from the past five years. Whereas, earlier profit margins in the industry were only 1. 5% to 3%. Cost of material has reduced from over 85% in the year 2001-2002 to under 80% in the year2008-2009. Wages and salary as a percentage of revenue has been declining and with the increasing labor productivity this is expected to decline further in the coming years. * CAPITAL AND LABOR INTENSITY: The level of Capital Intensity is high. The level of labor intensity is medium. The motor vehicle manufacturing industry requires significant level of capital investment. Value is added through the automated manufacturing and assembly of costly components. Labor input is required in the manufacturing, assembly, and finishing processes. In order to achieve and retain competitiveness, vehicle manufacturing industry depends on its capacity and speed to innovate and upgrade. The most imperative indices for competitiveness in the industry are productivity in both labor and capital. * TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS: The level of technology change is high. The rate of change in technology is medium. Investment in technology by producers has been on the rise. The automobile industry in India has seen an enormous development in the engines which are being used. Carburetor engines have become obsolete and Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) engines are the order of the days in patrol cars. The Diesel engines have also undergone a sea change from the time Rudolf Diesel invented it way back in the 1892. Today Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) is the order of the day. Multi Point Fuel injection (MPFI):The fuel injects were used to meet stricter emission norms as it keeps pollutants to bare minimum and drives the maximum performance out of a vehicle by squeezing out the maximum mileage even from the last drop of fuel that goes into the engine. MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders after receiving command from the on board engine management system computer or Engine Control Unit (ECU). This technology results in superior fuel combustion, better fuel management, engine performance and reduced pollution. To get the maximum out from these types of engine one should use Premium petrol like XTRA Premium, Speed, and Power. Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI): CRDI engine cars offer 25% more power than the normal direct injection engine with a superior pickup and torque, offering sometimes up to 70% more power than the conventional diesel engines. They are smooth, less strident, and immensely.

Courage and Bravery in Lord of the Flies Essay

In amidst of the tragic events that occurs in the town of Maycomb, one positive theme that stand out throughout the whole time is courage. Its presence is observed by the narrator Scout from the characterisations of the central character Atticus, his influence on his children’s upbringing and other the members of the community that displays such qualities e. g. Mrs Dubose and Boo Radley. Atticus Finch is one of the most prominent and respected people in the town who has strong views on courage. His role in the story serves as a moral backbone and fatherly figure to his children. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view†¦ until you climb into his skin and walk around in it† This quote shows his open-mindness for truth by understanding people through their perspective, and he was courageous enough to act on this philosophy. Atticus displays bravery when he takes Tom’s case despite the consequences of his town turning against him and his children. He represents Tom fairly in court for free, and in the face of criticism and threats of violence he stands for what he believes is right. Atticus is not only a brave man himself but also a strong influence to his children as he goes to great pains to instruct Jem and Scout to be better human beings. â€Å"You’re gonna hear some ugly talk about this in school. But I want you to promise me one thing: That you won’t get into fights over it, no matter what they say to you. † Although Scout fights other children who insult Atticus in an attempt to defend and stand up for him, she eventually learns that withholding violence is one of the highest forms of bravery. On another occasion in the face of danger when a mad dog is running down the street, Atticus shoots it perfectly yet he hides that he is the town’s best marksmen, but emphasises that he is not courageous for shooting a dog dead in one shot, but because he had to. He disproves of the children’s fascination with guns and believes that guns do not make men brave. As Scout tells, â€Å"My father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived. † One of the most significant lessons Jem learns was from Mrs Dubose, when he was made to go and read to her and her long-battled morphine addiction is revealed. Instead of spending the rest of her life and dying painlessly under the influence of morphine which as the easy and â€Å"acceptable† option, Mrs Dubose chooses to break free in an agonising way, despite of how far her sickness has become, knowing that she will die in the process. â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it though no matter what. † Atticus holds Mrs. Dubose as the ultimate definition of bravery and she is a person he admires as having â€Å"real courage†. This form of bravery can be reflected back to Atticus when he defends Tom Robinson. He argues the case to the best of his ability even though he knows it will be nearly impossible for a white jury’s verdict of a black man to be â€Å"not guilty†. A different take on courage is within the community, when the fire occurs. â€Å"The men of Maycomb, in all degrees or dress and undress, took furniture from Miss Maudie’s house to a yard across the street. The response that arises is immediate. The phrase â€Å"in all degrees of dress and undress† stresses that the men do not need time to think but come straight from their beds to help regardless of their attire. â€Å"Looks like all of Maycomb was out tonight† Even during this time, Boo left his place so Scout will not be cold. Then it turns out ironically later on that Boo who has been an object of fear and suspicion at the beginning, risks his own life to save Jem and Scout’s lives from Bob Ewell. His courage overrides the town’s prejudice to come their aid. Even Jem runs back to help Scout, knowing he stood no chance against a drunk adult, yet he succeeded by buying enough time for help. It is essential to note how the lack of courage influences many people. The character of Bob Ewell proves a foil for Atticus, where the later is a noble and virtuous man and the former a coward. Ewell never directly faces those whom he thought have wronged him and held grudges against everyone connected to the case. His actions give evidence of this when he vandalises Judge Taylor’s home and harasses Tom’s widow Helen Robinson at a distance. His need for petty revenge is his greatest cowardice, especially when he resorts to assaulting Atticus’ children in order to make himself feel more of a man, resulting in his own death. The characters fight for what they believe in throughout the entire book in one way or another and bravery is shown by almost everyone in times when the situation demands it. Although some events may turn out badly, courage is an essential and desirable quality which will always make the world a better place to live in.

German language Essay Example

German language Essay Example German language Essay German language Essay Learning a foreign linguistic communication calls for assorted considerations. The foreign linguistic communication Germanof pick to be learned is of premier importance. for if the chase of this linguistic communication does non give any concrete productive consequences save for personal satisfaction. the class would so be considered superficial. if non at all futile. Some people have admitted that they took a class or two in Gallic and Italian because they are considered the linguistic communications of love affair and. more so. they are the linguistic communications of the nouveau riche and the culturally refined. Take these non as an onslaught on the nature of the Gallic and Italian linguistic communications. but instead as an expounding of how people perceive certain foreign linguistic communications. By comparing. the German linguistic communication would be a less popular option for undergraduates. salvage for those who chose it as their major and for those who have been required to take it under their course of study. Most people would ab initio hold with Mark Twain’s contemplation: German is an atrocious linguistic communication. If a literary mastermind like him had a instead difficult clip learning German. what more an ordinary individual? : Not to oppugn Twain’s posturing. but the times have changed and the encephalon capacity of worlds have really evolved: the German linguistic communication has. over the old ages. earned its ain followers and people have really realized that it is an astonishing linguistic communication to prosecute. So. why learn German? That would be a tough inquiry to reply since it would be similar to inquiring why one would even trouble oneself larning a foreign linguistic communication. In the Philippines. people already have their fill of a foreign linguistic communication. what with English being so ingrained in our cultural subconscious. So. why fuss larning another foreign linguistic communication and why should it be German? Save for some really personal grounds. like desiring to understand a relation in Austria or to work in Germany after college. there are other varied grounds why one should be larning the German linguistic communication. some of which could really be socially. intellectually and economically fulfilling. For starting motors. contrary to what Mark Twain had been stating. German is an easy yet astonishing linguistic communication to larn. If one already knows English. so he already has an advantage. The two linguistic communications portion many similarities in both vocabulary and grammar. owed much to the fact that they portion common lineage with the Germanic linguistic communications. Plus. German is a phonetically interesting linguistic communication. Equally much as one finds it instead disputing to put to death. due to its varied pharynx sounds. German phonetics makes it easy to foretell how the spoken words are written and how the written words are pronounced. One might hold likely heard of the footings German precision and German efficiency . refering to the manner by which merchandises made in Germany have been conceived and constructed. Truly. linguistic communication is brooding of civilization. and. as such. one could safely state that the precise and efficient German linguistic communication is brooding of its precise and efficient people. And it is no admiration that Germans are known worldwide to be great pioneers and profound minds. Gutenberg’s construct of the printing imperativeness. Einstein’s theory of relativity and Brandenburg’s creative activity of the MP3 digital music format are all testaments to German preciseness and efficiency. Marx’s Manifesto. Nietzsche’s Hagiographas and Hegel’s doctrine are all testaments to the reconditeness of the German imaginativeness and mind. Knowledge. if non at all command. of the German linguistic communication allows one to entree the plants of these people in their original linguistic communication. therefore leting one to to the full understand the intrigues of their doctrine or engineering. Anyone interested in the same Fieldss could automatically spread out their cognition and accomplishment by cognizing the linguistic communication. If one wishes to be in the cringle of universe events. one can non be free from the shadow of Germany and its civilization. The influence of German civilization in the universe sphere can non be denied. and they instigate this influence more via the power of their engineering. With 4 of the world’s 10 most advanced companies located in Germany. they hold 12. 7 % of the world’s patent applications. Bing a state committed to research and development. Germany exports more high-technology merchandises than any other state except the United States. Companies like BMW. Daimler. Siemens. Bosch and many others enabled Germany to go the 3rd strongest economic system and the figure one export state in the universe. Surely. companies such as these need competent employees and international spouses. With all other things equal. the occupation campaigner with cognition of the German linguistic communication would already derive an employment advantage. And this would non be limited to Germany. If one is looking for employment in the United States. cognition of the German linguistic communication would be a great border since German companies account for approximately 700. 000 occupations in the state. Bing one of the economically strongest states in the universe. it would non be a surprise to cognize that Germany is besides one of its greater political powers. act uponing the international policies of the European Union and even the United States. Knowledge of the German linguistic communication would let one to understand how their policies are written and how it affects universe events. For rightly. the actions of these political powers affect each and every authorities and economic system in the universe. might every bit good understand where they are coming from and how they are influenced. Truly. cognition of the German linguistic communication brings about the personal satisfaction of cognizing that one speaks in the linguistic communication of great minds and pioneers. But. in this fast paced universe. cognition of the German linguistic communication finally gives one the chance to understand. if non at all participate in. universe events. may it be intellectually. politically or economically. Language has become the primary tool of linking states. therefore unifying the universe one linguistic communication at a clip. So hold your ain say. learn German today.

A Guideline for Conducting Research

A Guideline for Conducting Research Here is a guideline on conducting research for writing a research paper or any kind of essay. Research can be defined as systematic investigation and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research involves collecting data on a given subject that usually relates to the real world. Data includes information found in surveys, interviews, observations, primary/secondary sources, journals, magazines, and books. In the academic setting, the research obtained on a subject will be used by the student in a paper or essay of some sort. Questions to Answer When Conducting Research: What do I want to discover? How do I plan on discovering it? (Recognized as research methods/methodology) Who am I going to talk to? Who or what will I be observing?   What are my biases about this topic? How can I make sure my biases are not reflected in my research methods? What do I expect to discover? Regardless of the assignment, the writer at the college level usually needs to conduct research before anything else – long before they ever put a word on paper. It involves hours spent doing some kind of work to answer a question, which is either determined by the student or the assignment instructions. If you need to choose a topic to conduct a research on here are some lists that may help you: 60 Best Research Paper Topics Argumentative Essay Topics A Guideline on Conducting Research 1. Don’t be afraid to ask for help. There are many experts and resources on a college campus. The student should if they’re having trouble conducting appropriate research, talk with their professor who has given them the assignment. In most cases that professor will be more than willing to direct them to a good place to start, usually the college’s library or to online academic sources. Librarians are there to help, as well. It is their job to direct students to sources where they can find information on any given subject. 2. Read extensively on that subject. The more a student reads on a subject, the better they will understand it   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ which means they will be better able to write at length on it and in a professional manner. There is a good chance someone else, in the best scenario, a scholar, has researched a subject or topic extensively and has already produced a lengthy treatise on that subject. The student should search for these treatises to learn the basics about this subject, and to understand the issues or controversies that surround it. 3. Know the reason for gathering the information. This helps the student decide what exactly they are looking for, how much information they need, and what they are going to do with the research they find. Not all the research the student finds needs to be incorporated into their paper; most of the time, research helps a student to better understand a topic in general, which helps make their paper’s content more clear, concise and accurate. 4. Look for credible sources. This includes being skeptical about the sources the one finds – as not all are helpful, credible or even accurate. Since issues change and evolve, it is also best for a student to obtain and identify scholarly sources that have been currently published. A student unsure of the legitimacy of a source should ask their professor or librarian for help, or to teach them how to identify a worthy scholarly source. When the process of conducting research is completed a student is to start writing a research paper. Here is a guideline of research paper writing: How to Write a Research Paper The process of conducting research effects the goals set thats why its important to make this process effective and gather all information on the topic possible. If you dont have time to gather information and write a research paper you may outsource your assignment to a professional writer.

Your an army commander. what three areas would would determin if Essay

Your an army commander. what three areas would would determin if soldiers are worthy of reinlistment. of those three areas what would the standard be for all three - Essay Example These include the following: Soldiers must meet the army standard of physical fitness, which is a minimum of 180 and a maximum of 300. Being in the army requires one to be capable of handling the physical rigors that accompany that lone of work (Hamilton 31). I would place great emphasis on physical fitness because for one to â€Å"survive† in the army it is highly recommended that they possess the capability to keep up with conditions and remain agile and mobile throughout. If someone is not fit he/she should not be in the army. There is no definite standard when it comes to career advancement, provided one is willing and ready to learn new things. For me however, I would not consider anybody without a diploma for a position in the army. Nowadays, being a soldier is not enough. Soldiers are usually encouraged to start and build other careers through which they can grow personally and professionally. This is why in most armies there are soldiers who also serve as doctors, nurses, engineers and professional and important roles. It is not enough for one to be able to load a gun and shoot, or fight and kill. Intelligence must be demonstrated, and an ability to think logically and make decisions may save a lot of lives (Hamilton 35). If anybody wants to join the army he/she should be clear thinking and reasonable. As a commander, I would feel honored to have soldiers who are both intelligent and disciplined serving under me. As a result of this, I would not think twice about enlisting a young person who has a ye arning for knowledge and combat. This, too, has no definite standard, but potential recruits must demonstrate confidence in whatever they do. For example, it is important to remain calm, level-headed and reasonable when confronted with difficult situations. This calls for coming up with the best and most logical decisions when they

Gandhi's VS. Martin Luther King's Views on Nonviolence Essay

Gandhi's VS. Martin Luther King's Views on Nonviolence - Essay Example Nonviolence is the â€Å"doctrine, policy, or practice of rejecting violence in favor of peaceful tactics as a means of gaining political objectives† (TheFreeDictionary, 2012). Nonviolence can also mean the â€Å"abstention from the use of physical force to achieve goals† (TheFreeDictionary, 2012). While Martin Luther King considers nonviolence as the fundamental code of life in all situations irrespective of the complexity of the circumstances, Mahatma Gandhi believed in a balance between violence and nonviolence to attain a holistic control over both the external and the internal factors influencing one’s life. This paper draws a comparison between the views of Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi regarding nonviolence. Martin Luther King’s Views on Nonviolence Martin Luther King thought of the society as one unit in which if one is affected by the violence in some way, its consequences are borne by all people in the society indirectly.Therefore, the fi rst and the foremost responsibility of every citizen is to feel this sense of belongingness and concernedness when somebody experiences violence. Martin Luther King believed that a nonviolent campaign basically consists of four steps; determination of the existence of injustice by collection of facts, dialogue, self-purification, and lastly, the direct action. None of these steps imparts the need for one to be violent in one’s attempt to eradicate violence from the society and spread peace. Even the â€Å"direct action† which apparently seems to be a little rough approach towards the resolution of the matter is not-so-rough in the real sense, as it is also nonviolent. Examples of the nonviolent direct action are marches and sit-ins. The only purpose of these nonviolent direct actions is to convince the other party to conduct dialogue and negotiations with the concerned party to ease the tension. While negotiation is a fairly effective way of reducing tension between tw o or more parties, the results are not always very objective and solid because of the non-seriousness of some people in the concerned groups. Mahatma Gandhi’s Views on Nonviolence Unlike Martin Luther King, Gandhi has considered violence not only a useful but also compulsory way of attaining control over the external factors. â€Å"Violence is needed for the protection of things external, non-violence is needed for the protection of the Atma, for the protection of one’s honor† (Gandhi cited in Kripalani and Radhakrishnan, 1958, p. 86). From this quotation of Gandhi, it can be inferred that Gandhi considered one’s self to be incomplete without either of the two; violence and nonviolence. Gandhi considered that it was equally important, if not more, for an individual to be violent as nonviolent. Conclusion Comparing Gandhi’s and Martin Luther King’s views of resolution of issues, it becomes clear that Martin Luther King and Gandhi were on oppo site ends of the continuum with respect to the acceptability towards self-violence in life. Gandhi’s approach is rougher but more practical as compared to that of Martin Luther King. The approach towards the resolution of issues proposed by Marin Luther King requires an individual to display extreme endurance and patience, which does not always lead the individual to the wanted results in the right time. In the contemporary world in which discrimination and segregation on the basis of caste, creed, and culture is so common, it is beyond doubt that the ones enjoying the superior status do not like to step down to the level of the victims of discrimination and segregation so that negotiation can be carried out. The first and the foremost prerequisite of